关于河豚鱼的养殖之四:虾池养殖河豚鱼技术要点

在虾池中养殖河豚鱼是近几年新兴起的一种养殖方式，这种方式具有产量稳定，风险性小、抗病力强，饵料系数低，产出效益大等特点，两年来，笔者从养殖过程中总结出一些技术要点，供养殖者参考。一、养殖池的清理与准备工作养殖河豚鱼的池子大小不限，最适宜的池子在100亩以下，要求底质平坦，无积淤泥，池塘水深要求12－1．5m以上，如果使用的是多年养殖的老池子，要对池底进行翻耙、曝晒，使其淤积黑化腐臭的滩泥充分氧化分解，同时每亩用生石灰100－150公斤，全地泼洒，对池底进行消毒，杀死条鱼杂虾等生物，经过一冬季平冻、风化虾池地底…     

Film preparation by melt- or compression-process using poly(vinyl chloride) powder swollen with dimethylformamide

A melt-process was used to prepare high molecular weight Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films without the use of a conventional plasticizer and heat stabilizer. Rigid PVC powder was swollen with dimethylformamide containing 4∼10 vol% water to reduce its melting temperature. The swollen powder was pressed at a relatively low temperature of 75∼125 °C to form a film shape, and then washed and dried. The visible light transmittance, X-ray diffraction, density and the tensile properties of the resulting films were examined to estimate the success or failure of film formation. The films could be produced by not only the melt-process but also a compression-process using the rigid, highly swollen PVC powder. The resulting films had no voids, which are generally observed in PVC products formed by a solution process. The minimum temperature for these processes decreased with decreasing water content in the mixture: The minimum temperatures according to the water content in the mixture to produce faultless films through the melt-process were 4 %–105 °C, 6 %–115 °C, 8 and 10 %–125 °C, while those through the compression process were 4 %–95 °C, 6 and 8 %–105 °C, 10 %–115 °C.     

64-Channel multi-detector row CT angiographic evaluation of the micropigs for potential living donor lung transplantation

Micropigs are the most likely source animals for xenotransplantation. However, an appropriate method for evaluating the lung of micropigs had not been established. Therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of 64-channel multi-detector row computed tomography (MDCT) to measure the diameter of the pulmonary arteries and the lung volume in micropigs. The mean diameters of the trachea, and left and right bronchi were 1.6 ± 0.17, 1.18 ± 0.14, and 1.1 ± 0.11 cm, respectively. The mean diameters of the main, right, and left pulmonary arteries were 1.38 ± 0.09, 1.07 ± 0.26, and 0.98 ± 0.13 cm and the diameters of right, left, and common inferior pulmonary veins were 0.97 ± 0.20, 0.76 ± 0.20, and 1.99 ± 0.26 cm, respectively. The mean lung volume was 820.3 ± 77.11 mL. The data presented in this study suggest that the MDCT may be a noninvasive, rapid, and accurate investigational method for pulmonary anatomy in living lung donors.     

以嗜酸乳杆菌发酵虾头虾壳回收蛋白质和甲壳素的研究

利用嗜酸乳杆菌发酵虾头、虾壳,结合虾头、虾壳中内源蛋白酶的自溶作用,回收蛋白质和甲壳素。研究了影响发酵的因素并优化了发酵条件,分析了用稀盐酸脱除粗甲壳素(即发酵残渣)中的矿物质,制备食用级甲壳素的条件。研究结果表明,添加15%葡萄糖,固液比1∶2.5,接种量15%,初始pH值6.5,于40℃发酵48 h,得到的虾头、虾壳发酵液pH值低至3.79,蛋白质水解度达到21.9%;蛋白质回收率达到95.2%,发酵残渣(粗甲壳素)中仅残留2.71%矿物质,达到工业级甲壳素的纯度要求;以稀盐酸浸泡处理粗甲壳素,当浸泡温度为50℃,浸泡时间为1.5 h,粗甲壳素脱矿物质的效果最好,甲壳素中仅残留0.2%矿物质,达到食用级甲壳素的纯度要求。     

Cytotoxic Effect on Human Cancer Cells and Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Codonopsis lanceolata</Emphasis> Root using Different Solvent Fractions

This study was conducted to investigate cytotoxic effect, phenolic content, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging rate and nitrite scavenging rate from different solvent fractions of Codonopsis lanceolate root. At all extracts concentration, the cytotoxic effect on different fractions against human cancer cells was higher in n-hexane and butyl alcohol fractions than in the other fractions. The IC₅₀ value on HeLa cell showed the lowest by 62.70 μg.mL^-1 on n-hexane fraction, and exhibited the values of butyl alcohol fraction 341.36 μg.mL^-1, methylene chloride 598.33 μg.mL^-1, ethyl acetate fraction 860.44 μg.mL^-1, DW fraction 2896.82 μg.mL^-1. Total polyphenol content on different solvent fractions varied from 102.43 to 153.52 mg.g^-1, and that of ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest amount. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity showed that the increase was proportional to the concentration, and the scavenging activity also showed the highest in ethyl acetate fraction. The nitrite scavenging activity of each fraction at pH 1.2 was in the order of EA > BA > MC > n-H > DW, and the lower the acidity, the higher nitrite scavenging activity, and there was no distinct detection of nitrite scavenging effects of the pH range 6.0. The results of this study suggested that the extract of Codonopsis lanceolate root may assist in the potential biological activities, and it was found that the activity was different depending on the organic solvent fraction and the water fraction.     

Coat and hair color: hair cortisol and serotonin levels in lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions

The deleterious effects of heat stress on animal health are being increasingly recognized. This study aimed to determine hair cortisol (HC) and serotonin levels in lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions with different coat and hair‐cut color. Forty‐five multiparous lactating Holstein cows (days in milk = 130 ± 47, body weight = 753 ± 85 kg) were divided to two main groups of over 80% black coat color (BC) and over 85% white coat color (WC) visually observed based on registry certificates and subdividing to black hair sample (BH) and white hair samples (WH) in 2 × 2 factorial arrangements. Hair samples were taken from the forehead of the individuals. Higher HC levels were observed in BC than WC cows (P < 0.05). No differences were found in HC levels between BH and WH groups (P > 0.05). Serotonin levels showed no difference between BC and WC (P > 0.05). Interaction between coat color and hair color was not significant (P > 0.05). The cortisol levels in hair are not affected by pigmentation. However, pigmentation within the coat alters cortisol levels. In conclusion, white coat color retains less cortisol than the black coat. Therefore, white coats are preferable for dairy cows under heat stress conditions.     

唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)杂交育种初步研究

研究分析了唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)杂交育种的特点和可行性.结果表明:2008-2011年,共计获得约164万粒受精卵,杂交F1鱼苗111.7万尾.在水温18～26℃条件下,唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)的催产率、受精率和孵化率可达到85.5％～89.2％、80.6％～81.2％和80％～85.6％.在水温(20±1)℃条件下,杂交F1受精卵在受精后94 h 10 min,仔鱼开始出膜.初孵仔鱼全长5.75 ～ 6.83 mm.杂交F1成鱼的体色和体型与母本比较相近.唇(鱼骨)(♀)×花(鱼骨)(♂)的杂交育种是可行的.     

Dual functions of ferrous sulfate as a pore-size controller and a carbon-yield enhancer in fabricating cellulose based porous carbons

This study reports the dual-functions of ferrous sulfate, i.e. as a carbon-yield-enhancer and as a pore-size-controller, in the preparation of porous carbons from rice straws. Through the impregnation of rice straws with 0.5 M aq. FeSO₄, the carbon yield of the resultant porous carbons increased by ca. 10% and the size of the newly created pores was precisely controlled at the diameter of 0.53 nm during carbonization process. The observed results were discussed from the view points of the thermal degradation mechanism of cellulose and the pillar effects by the in-situ formed crystallites of Fe₃O₄. The inherent magnetic property due to the presence of magnetite, Fe₃O₄, was an additional merit of the obtained porous carbons.     

风化煤施用对黄土高原露天煤矿区复垦土壤理化性质的影响研究

针对黄土高原露天煤矿区复垦土壤存在的土体构造不良、土壤养分极度贫乏等问题,通过野外分区试验,以风化煤为修复介质,研究刺槐种植后露天煤矿区复垦土壤理化性质的变化.结果表明,不同量风化煤施用后,各土层土壤团聚体的质量、水稳性团聚体含量及土壤阳离子交换量均有不同程度改善;0～20 cm土层土壤有机质、腐殖质含量显著提高,且明显高于20～40 cm土层;20～40 cm土层土壤有机质,腐殖质无显著改善.风化煤施用使土壤pH有所降低,但效果不显著.随着改良时间延长,0～20 cm土层各理化指标均有改善;20～40 cm土层除有机质、腐殖质无显著变化外其他指标均有改善.总体来看,风化煤施加量为27 000kg·hm-2时改良效果最佳.     

一种改进的共轭梯度法及全局收敛性

本文在DY共轭梯度法的基础上对解决无约束最优化问题提出一种改进的共轭梯度法.该方法在Wolfe线搜索下能够保证充分下降性,并在目标函数可微的条件下,证明了算法的全局收敛性.大量数值试验表明,该方法是很有效的.